Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy - Essay Example Organized Financial 7,647,000,000 revenues in 1992, 19% market share, cheap loans yes yes yes yes Physical 15 manufacturing facilities, efficient transport mechanisms yes yes yes yes Technological Improved fuselage, forward facing crew cockpits, Laser guided automatic riveter yes yes yes yes Organizational Groupement d’Interet Economique; all partners are responsible for their own profits no no no Yes/no Financial: Estimated revenues at over 7.6 billion Physical: 15 Ultra-modern facilities, at four strategic locations with automatic laser guided riveters Technological: laser-guided, automatic riveters. This reduced that stage from three months to three days. Organizational: Efficient organisational structure with each partner responsible for own profits Intangible Resources Valuable Rare Difficult to Imitate? Organized Human Experienced/innovative research team, sound management yes yes yes yes Innovation and Creativity leaders in (LGAR) technology yes yes yes yes Reputation R eputable but government assisted no no no yes Human: Experienced/innovative workers, efficient managerial team Innovation and Creativity: Airbus is considered a leader in innovation Reputation: With the ruling to regulate government subsidies/loans to airlines, this could hurt Airbus’s profitability SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Boeing: -60% market share -Steady business defence -Strong balance sheet -Admirable supplier relationship -Manufacturing capability Boeing: -Losing market share -Long order to delivery date -Cost of developing new VLCT Airbus: -Strong support from Governments -Profitable -Innovation ideas implemented, laser-guided riveting machine -Growing market share, estimated 23% in 1993 Airbus: -White tail, manufacturing planes without order -Manufacturing capabilities Opportunities Threats Boeing: -VLT necessary in near future -Aging fleets will need to be replaced with newer models (15-20 years) -Large market capitalisation - Largest manufacturing faciliti es Boeing: -Future airport capacity issues -Long delivery time -Investing alone in VLCT could cause Boeing to go under if failed -Declining market share Airbus: -Boeing running beyond capacity will cause airlines to pursue other options for quicker delivery dates -Good option for customers due to quick delivery time - Aging fleets will need to be replaced with newer models Airbus: -Decline in order for 1993 -Investing alone in VLCT could cause Airbus to go under if failed -white tails may be a catastrophic loss if buyers get better options Part 2 Definitely, Boeing has a competitive advantage over its next nearest rival Airbus. Boeing has an estimated 60% market share as of 1992 compared to

The Rule of Proximity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Rule of Proximity - Essay Example Some of these features or news values (Kim, 2001) may be intrinsic to the event or they may be extrinsic. Intrinsic values may be prominence or importance, degree of human interest evoked, degree of conflict or controversy involved and degree of the unusual implicated (Kim, 2001). Extrinsic values may be timeliness and proximity of the event to the location at which the media will be operational (Kim, 2001). It is notable, though, that the intrinsic values can also be correlated to the media location since it is observable that values like prominence or importance, capability to evoke human interest, degree of conflict or controversy and degree of the unusual all depend to some extent upon how the population at the media location usually relate to the population at the event location. This is so because researchers have also observed that events at a particular location, when it is judged for newsworthiness at a location in another country, are usually influenced much by the social, political, economic and geographic perspectives the media country holds of the event country (Kim, 2001). Thus, the newsworthiness of an event in any country, when judged in relation to media in the United States, will depend much upon the political relevance the U.S.A. places upon the event country (Kim, 2001). It will also depend much upon the degree of threat or benefit that event has for the U.S.A. and the World at large (Kim, 2001). These latter observations have great relevance to this paper since it is already manifested from these that the rule of proximity as well as other news values has much in common with values that influence diplomatic relationships between and among countries. Globalisation: There is one factor in the present world scene that does to a great extent override relationships among geographically and culturally proximal nations. While the paper finds that geographical and cultural proximity has been considered as an indicator of levels of diplomatic activities it also realises that it must also consider aspects of globalisation, the modern worldwide phenomenon that is expected to provide collective effort towards globally invasive problems like disarmament, arms regulations, combating international terrorism, cross-border crime and the drug trade and usage, protection of human rights, prevention of climate change and desertification, promotion of sustainable development, conflict prevention and development assistance and cooperation, peacemaking and keeping and foreign trade (Sucharipa, Undated). In this context it is very likely that national proximity is not the only overriding factor for strengthening diplomatic ties among nations. Nor is it likely that co nflict among nations in geographic proximity will remain contained within that region without effort from the global community towards it speedy amelioration. Thus, in this sense, it is observed that geographic and cultural proximity is not considered as important an indicator of political will as it was a few years earlier. Instead, it is again observed that national foreign policy is not contained to outside the country by the gatekeeper functional and kept apart from its domestic one. This is because other departments of the nation, such as the environmental one, may need direct contact with international agencies without having to seek permission of the foreign policy makers (Sucharipa, Undat

Performance appraisal for human resources

Performance appraisal for human resources Introduction: Usually as everybody thinks that working in human resources has one hard moment. It is hard to recognize when the job is successfully completed. However, human Resources activities and initiatives are usually a long term activities and it is hard to see any result immediately. As we can give a description, for Performance appraisal which may engage too many things such like identification, besides measurement, along with management of individual performance in business enterprises. Business enterprises frequently carry out appraisals designed for managerial, which is a assessment concerning a staff work circumstances, together with promotions along with rewards, also or even developmental, which is a assessment concerning spiraling the staff profession talents, together with counseling along with teaching principles. On the other hand, we can add here that dissatisfaction in the midst of appraisals is widespread. Moreover, on the same subject as it has been disclosed frequently that Human Resource proficients, as well line managers, in addition to staff voice frustration. Furthermore, we can find also that a lot of workforces comprise trouble through appraisal that might explanation for the little life extent of the standard appraisal scheme. Etihad Airways Performance appraisal system: Etihad Airways is the National Airline of the United Arab Emirates. The airline was set up and started commercial operations in 2003, in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE. Etihad started with an initial paid-up capital of AED500 million, with the twin objectives of creating an airline that would put up with the UAE flag and expand true Arabian hospitality to their guests. Their name reflects this spirit: Etihad is Arabic for united, and for this reason a representation of the bonding along with the seven emirates that constitute the UAE. So far, Etihad grew at an extraordinary rapidity, accumulation more or less one new route a month. In June 2007, Etihad achieved another milestone: 42 destinations. By 2010, Etihad plan to touch 70 international destinations. The performance appraisal system in the Etihad Airways has a vertical chain of dialogue and reviews must be strengthened, for which the performance appraisal system will play an essential role in the case of Etihad Airways. The prime responsibility for action to preparation failures in performance will lie with supervisors and managers at all levels in the Etihad Airways. Additionally, the Etihad Airways is taking into consideration establishing transparent liability mechanisms and will define the policy framework for exercising responsibilities of both management and staff. Etihad Airways has created and implemented a system that provides tools for employees, supervisors, human resources professionals, and senior leaders to plan, monitor, and evaluate career development opportunities for all employees at and above the director level. In place for many years, such system includes metrics and quarterly reviews of employee ratings, promotions, attrition/hires, developmental opportunities, officer appointments, and assignments to help achieve a diverse workforce. Staff at Etihad Airways motivates supervisors to develop career paths for their employees, including those who may have been who may have been overlooked or underestimated. On staff development, performance management and career support, at Etihad Airways states that the Performance Appraisal System (PAS) has been revised, and a process has been initiated to identify center organizational competencies. Moreover, more systematic approach to mission assignments is being implemented. Analysis Adopting Appraisal: Performance appraisal is a critical activity of Human Resource management. Its goal is to provide an accurate picture of past and or even future employee performance. To achieve this, performance standards are established. The standards are based on the job; related criteria that best determine successful job performance, where possible, actual performance is measured directly and objectively. The primary footstep in the performance appraisal procedure is recognizing the subject that is to be considered. Therefore, it is clear that supervisors should recognize the phases or even aspects of performance, which might find out efficient employment performance. At this point, we can find that such progression looks straightforward, other than it may be rather complex. On the other hand, whether a considerable measurement is lost, staff self-esteem might put up with for the reason of staff that performs fine on such measurement might not be accepted or even satisfied. As we can conclude this subject, whether an unrelated or even minor measurement is incorporated, staff might recognize the complete appraisal progression the same as worthless. The performance appraisal system in Etihad Airways of research has a vertical chain of conversation along with reviews might be strengthened, keen for the same the performance appraisal process will play a vital role in the case of Etihad Airways of research. The prime responsibility for action to preparation failures in practice will depend with supervisors as well as managers at every level in the company of study. Additionally, the Etihad Airways of research is taking into consideration establishing clear accountability mechanisms and will fix the policy framework for exercising responsibilities of both management and staff. Etihad Airways of research has created and implemented a way that gives tools for staffs, besides supervisors, as well human resources professionals, along with a high level leaders to develop, monitor, moreover, evaluate career development chances for every staff at plus above the director level. Furthermore, in order for many years, such plan includes metric s along with quarterly reviews of staff ratings, besides promotions, as well attrition/hires, addition to developmental opportunities, along with officer appointments, also assignments to assist gain a clear labor force. Staff at Etihad Airways of research motivates supervisors to pursue employment manners for their staffs, in addition to those who might have been who can have been overlooked or even underestimated. On staff development, performance management and employment assistance, at Etihad Airways of research states which the Performance Appraisal System has been evaluated, in addition to a case has been initiated to determine center organizational competencies. Moreover, more systematic approach to exercise assignments is being implemented. Conclusion: The new world of work demands employee performance instead of loyalty creativity instead of compliance, and earned rewards instead of entitlements. The role of the Human Resource function is not limited to the policies, practices and systems under its control. That role is important and certainly can contribute to an organizations success but human resource is in a position to influence the way people are managed across an organization. At the end we can get to say that the Human Resource professional must maintain a thorough understanding of positions and needs across such firm, to help each individual experience the right job fit. Moreover, this should bring into the light yourself with the talents and capabilities of each person in your organization. Keep excellent documentation of testing, job applications, performance appraisals, and performance development plans. While there is some evidence that performance appraisal adjustments have been done because of initiating a performance appraisal, it needs to be emphasized that these studies have looked at particularly specific aspects of the system rather than at the whole system that may have been implemented. Very little research has considered the outcomes of a complete performance appraisal in action. A possible explanation may be the difficulty in evaluating such systems. The evaluation of high performance is principally dependent upon the measurement category selected besides these are in move derived from the underlying thought of performance appraisal. Although, within a given approach to performance appraisal, the execution of specific strategies along with structures might be also similarly than others to provide high performance appraisal, there are no guarantees which this will be the position. Performance appraisal is subject to effect from a difference of factors within not only inside elements like as performance appraisal, structures, processes and evaluation, but also external elements that are far less predictable. High performance appraisal, hence, irrespective of the concept to managing adopted, actually depends upon the alignment of inside systems via the larger system within which the business enterprise is located.

Origins And History Of The Dulcimer :: essays research papers

Origins and History of The Dulcimer The dulcimer is a member of the string family. It is further categorized into the Psaltrey family, a group of instruments that are comprised of strings stretched across a frame and played by plucking or drumming. The only difference, in fact, between the dulcimer and the psaltrey is the fact that one is plucked and the other is drummed. The dulcimer family is divided into two sections. The dulcimers with keys and dulcimers without keys. A dulcimer with keys would be played by depressing a key which would move a mechanism that would cause a hammer to strike the string. The most improved instrument in the keyed dulcimer section is the piano. Dulcimers that are played without the aid of a key are usually in the unusual shape of a trapezoid. Early descriptions of this instrument, dating back to the Middle Ages, describe the instrument as a rectangular box with strings stretched over two bridges. Both the single and the double bridged dulcimers are common in traditional Irish music. It is played by striking the strings with padded wooden hammer. It is commonly believed that the dulcimer came to Europe from the East sometime in the fifteenth century. This cannot be true. The dulcimer is closely related to the yang ch'in from China. However, the yang ch'in was introduced to the Chinese around 1800. A similar traditional dulcimer found its way to Korea in about 1725. The dulcimer originated as the santir in what is now Iraq from a Greek instrument, the psalterion. The santir was a trapeziodal box covered with strings. It was played by striking the strings with light sticks. From there the Arabs carried the santir through North Africa where it was integrated into the Jewish culture. From North Africa it was taken to Spain, for a carving was discovered in the cathedral Santiago de Compostela, dated 1184. It is unknown why the Irish make mention of the timpan, a generic term for any member of the psaltrey family, being used by St. Patrick in the 6th century, six hundred years earlier than the dulcimers first introduction into Spain from North Africa. Dulcimers gained popularity from the churches and cathedrals throughout the 14th century. But in the 16th century, as the violin and wind instruments became increasingly fashionable, the dulcimer virtually disappeared. For the next two hundred years it went unnoticed. In 1705 Pantaleon Hebenstreit presented the French King Louis XIV with a slightly revised dulcimer.

Ikea Selling Strategy

1. Executive Summary: 2. 1. IKEA Objectives: * IKEA produces cheap and affordable products for the customers. * The company wants better life for those who cannot afford expensive products. * IKEA always helps to produce right product for the right consumer. * IKEA always tries to sell their products at low prices. * The company’s global developments and its continual commitment is to have a positive impact on people and the environment. 2. 2. IKEA Vision: The Vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people.They make this possible by offering a wide range of well-designed home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. 2. 3. IKEA Mission: The mission is to offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, excellent quality and durability, at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them (IKEA 1994). The company targets the customer who is looking for value and is wil ling to do a little bit of work serving them-selves, transporting the items home and assembling the furniture for a better price.The typical Ikea customer is young low to middle income family. 2. Company Summary: 3. 4. Company Background: IKEA is a privately-held, international home products retailer that sells flat pack furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in their retail stores around the world. The company, which pioneered flat-pack design furniture at affordable prices, is now the world's largest furniture retailer. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden and it is owned by a Dutch registered foundation controlled by the Kamprad family.The company which was originated in Smaland, Sweden, distributes its products through its retail outlets. As of August 2009, the chain has 301 stores in 37 countries, most of them in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was born and grew up on the farm Elmtaryd, parish of Agunnaryd in Smaland, in the south of Sweden. As a young boy Ingvar Kamprad knew that he wanted to develop a business. Various events during his upbringing gave him a strong drive to create his own resources and to be independent. In 1943 The Ikea was born, initially a mail-order business selling pencils, postcards, and other merchandise.The name derives from the initial letters of Ingvar Kamprad and of Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd. More over in 1948 Furniture manufacturing was an additional business for many farmers in Smaland. So Ingvar Kamprad also introduced Furniture in the IKEA business as a complement to the general merchandise. This was a success and Ingvar Kamprad starts exploring innovative solutions such as furniture design, self-assembly and advertising and by 1951 The first annual IKEA furniture catalogue was published in Sweden. Ikea grew and two years later by 1953 they opened a showroom in Almhult.Here the customers could see and experience the quality of the products bef ore ordering them and Ingvar could meet customers in person and learn from them. 3. 5. Company Location and Facilities: The company IKEA has a several store over many places in the world as the following a. Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Greece, France. Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Hungary Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Russia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Turkey, and United Kingdom b. North America: Canada and United States. c.Middle East: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. d. Asia Pacific: Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, and Thailand. The facilities that could be found in most of IKEA stores is the same, however they are mentioned in the IKEA Ireland as the following: a. Showroom: IKEA stores are huge home exhibitions. Stretch out on a bed, see how many people you can fit on a sofa, or let your children choose furniture for their rooms. Our room settings are built entirely from IKEA products, and will give you inspirational ideas for furnishing, lighting and decorating your home. . Market hall: The market hall is just what it sounds like: many different specialist shops gathered together. You’ll find everything from rugs to pots to picture frames and clocks. You’ll also see all kinds of home lighting, everything you need for your kitchen, and countless unique gifts you can give to others – or spoil yourself with. c. IKEA Restaurant: At the IKEA restaurant you can take a break from the hard work of shopping. You can even start your day at the IKEA restaurant with breakfast before the store opens. Or why not have coffee and cake in the afternoon!In the restaurant you’ll find healthy Swedish and local dishes daily made using high quality fresh produce. You can use our highchairs and baby changing facilities for the little ones. And while the grownups rest a few minutes after lunch, the kids can have fun in the c hildren's play area. d. IKEA for kids: IKEA supervised play area and ballroom, and shop in peace. This way, everyone's happy. Or if you want them to help make furnishing decisions, strollers are available at the entrance. e. Care and feeding of kids: IKEA provides clean feeding and changing facilities for small children.And our restaurant has a special menu just for the kids. f. Trolleys for everyone: There are plenty of carts available to help you take your purchases to your car. Or you can bring your car to your purchases by pulling up to our customer loading bay. g. The barter system: Almost any way you want to pay is fine with us. You can always pay with cash or a major of credit card, but other payment methods are usually also available. They vary from store to store, so please check with your local IKEA store to find out more. 3. Product and Services of IKEA: 4. 6. Products Description: IKEA products are identified by single word names.Most of the names are Scandinavian in ori gin. Although there are some notable exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by * Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish place names (for example: Klippan) * Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names * Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names * Bookcase ranges: Occupations * Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays * Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names * Chairs, desks: men's names Fabrics, curtains: women's names * Garden furniture: Swedish islands * Carpets: Danish place names * Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms * Bed linen, bed covers, pillows/cushions: flowers, plants, precious stones * Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives * Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms * Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushr ooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions * Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, 4. . Competitive Comparison: Retailers have generally been slow to develop multilingual Web sites simply because they’ve been slow to expand outside of their domestic markets. According to a Deloitte study of the world's top 250 retailers, 104 retailers have no international operations at all, but IKEA had a leg-up on its competitors because it built its business not only through store expansion but through a hugely popular mail-order catalog. 4. 8. Supply and Demand Details: We will talk about the market forces for the global market instead of talking about Malaysian market only.Supply planner – demand ; need Global supply chain management of Children's lighting products from IKEA suppliers to IKEA stores world-wide, managing sales forecast, capacity planning, replenishment and information flow. Responsible for the global supply to 350 IKEA s tores worldwide within a business area of Children's IKEA. The Increased availability at the store from 85% to 99% within a year. Reduced the stock weeks from 7 weeks to 3 weeks within a half year. Shared knowledge of supply chain management with co-workers in China and Lithuania. 2005 Logistics ; Operations, IKEA Trading Southeast Asia Thailand Managed a variety of competence development programs in areas of logistics and operations for purchaser, technician, supply planner, material manager and business development managers. In addition to be responsible for the company's Centre of Competence in supply chain management, executed a research program about competence management in a cross-cultural organization that covers Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. 150 IKEA Trading Southeast Asia co-workers have attended supply chain management program.Licentiate thesis has been written and it raised the attention to the importance of total optimization within IKEA pipelines both in g oods and information flows. 4. 9. Technology Needs: After surfing the market for information we figured-out that the tools in the industry are similar for all the brands. Tools are the heart of the carpentry profession. The best place to start is with basic hand tools. A measuring tape, combination ruler and level, pencils, hammer; saws, a carpentry square and hand drill are all inexpensive parts of a carpentry set.Chisels, planes and sanding blocks are also important because furniture needs a fine, smooth finish, free of splinters and sharp corners. A kit of brushes, cloths and sponges are required for the stain and lacquering steps. In order to add padding or upholstery to the furniture, the carpenter will need a set of clamps in varied sizes and a staple gun. Time the first few projects completed in the shop step by step to determine which steps will benefit most from investing a time-saving power tool.Power saws are the most universal time-saver, and drill presses and power sand ers also offer time savings. But Ikea does not have its own manufacturing facilities. Instead, it is using subcontracted manufacturers all over the world for supplies. All research and development activities are however, centralized in Sweden. In order to maintain low cost, 4. Market Analysis 5. 10. Target Market in this study I will not separate each market but instead of that I will focus on the global integrated market. 4. 1. 1 Target Market Segment Strategy: IKEA is large enough to enjoy economies of scale.This lowers average costs in the long run through, for example, better use of technology or employing specialized managers. Economies of scale also give a business a competitive edge if cost savings are then passed on to customers in the form of lower prices. This puts up high barriers to entry for smaller companies entering the market. The target customer of IKEA is everybody. So the market segment is a very important part of IKEA strategy. After visited the IKEA store, I thi nk the market segment of IKEA is the different part of house, like the kitchen, the bedroom, the bathroom.Actually, the market segment is according to the â€Å"life situation†. The life situation creates the need of the home furniture. IKEA do not select the customer, IKEA just select the offer from the life situation. For example, I am a student. I need the bookshelf, desk and I do not need the kitchen because I do not live in my own place now. But after 10 years, the need of life situation will change. I will need other things. The most important point is that I am always the target customer even in different ages. And IKEA always provide customers the things they need.I think that is a good method that IKEA used to service the customers and win the hearts of the customers. 4. 1. 2 Market Needs: 4. 1. 3 Market Trends 4. 1. 4 Market Growth: 5. 11. Industry Analysis 4. 2. 1 Industry Participants/Key Players To analyze the Industry I will use Porter five forces analysis: Acco rding to Pearce, J. A. and Robinson R. B. (2011) Strategic Management . 12th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill â€Å"Harvard professor Michael E. Porter propelled the concept of industry environment into the foreground of strategic thought and business planning†.The five forces were as following: 1- Competitive rivalry. 2- Threat of substitute products. 3- Threat of new entrants. 4- Bargaining Power of suppliers. 5- Bargaining Power of customers. * INTERNAL RIVALRY/COMPETITORS: the industry is highly competitive and characterized by other low priced furniture producers such as Galiform of England and retailers such as Wal-Mart of the United States. Internally, the organization saw differences of opinion regarding product offerings and positioning.Due to the intense competition worldwide, IKEA has wisely attempted to compete by entering the markets which typically pose the largest competition, such as China and Japan. * SUPPLIER POWER: because Ikea had heard from its customers th at many of its furniture offerings were too complicated to be assembled by the customer; showing the power of the supplier to make a difference, IKEA has gotten cooperation from some suppliers to provide materials that are easier for the customer to assemble, thereby (using its' value chain system) by adding value to the supplier relationship. BUYER POWER: everyone can recognize that Buyers have a great deal of influence over IKEA's product line and direction; for example, in the 1960s, IKEA developed the ability to package its unassembled furniture in flat cartons, making it easier for the buyer to handle the cartons. This considered as a response to direct feedback from the buyer. Additionally, due to buyer demand, IKEA will continue on its current growth strategy. * POTENTIAL ENTRANTS: Domestically, IKEA faces the threat of potential entrants; as the dominant firm, because the nature of the business allows new ventures to enter the market, IKEA worst scenario is the copy-cats.The organization always feel threaten by any potential new entrant to use do it yourself approach which gives IKEA many of its' competitive advantages. * THREAT OF SUBSTITUTED PRODUCT AND SERVICE: is low as there are no too many products and services available that can substitute the demand for furniture, home appliances and a range of other products offered by IKEA. So Substitution is not a reason to make them worry, because they have their own market -segments. 4. 2. 2 Main Competitors/Competitive Analysis: If the 5. 0 Strategy and Implementation Summary 5. Marketing Strategy: People like to buy IKEA’s products because of their low prices and medium-quality. People have great awareness of the brand. Moreover, we can see people like to go IKEA store because of good facilities. The products that will be in direct competition with IKEA’S sales are split into distinct different groups by home depot they are: Bedroom, dining room, furniture parts, home office, kid’s r oom, and living room and kitchen supplies. The different products that are supplied are provided to Home Depot by a variety of different brand names. . 2 Pricing Strategy: IKEA positions itself with low prices. They are extremely price/cost conscious. 5. 3 Promotion Strategy: Promotion: IKEA has its own website where they now have their catalogues virtually. In the last year 198 million copies of the catalogue were printed in 56 editions and 27 languages. Moreover, IKEA uses newspaper ads and television commercials. The company uses billboards ads and bus stop ads. IKEA also faced controversy in their â€Å"Tidy up† advertisement campaign. IKEA does not spend largely on promotions.IKEA believes on their online catalogues and print publications of the catalogs. The catalogue is the main tool for selling. IKEA try to cut the cost with lease advertisement. But it is very important part. 5. 4 Distribution Patterns: IKEA has 28 large distribution centers and 11 customer distributi on centers in 16 countries. IKEA has 1400 suppliers for distribution. 5. 5 Marketing Programs People like to buy IKEA’s products because of their low prices and medium-quality. People have great awareness of the brand.Moreover, we can see people like to go IKEA store because of good facilities. The products that will be in direct competition with IKEA’S sales are split into distinct different groups by home depot they are: Bedroom, dining room, furniture parts, home office, kid’s room, and living room and kitchen supplies. The different products that are supplied are provided to Home Depot by a variety of different brand names. 5. 6 Sales Strategy: 5. 7 Sales Forecast: 5. 8 Sales Programs: 6. 0 Web Plan Summary 6. 1 Website Marketing Strategy 6. 2 Development Requirements

Architecture and memory

Throughout history, states have sought to exhibit societal memory of their past accomplishments whilst conversely wipe outing the memory of evildoings committed during their development. These nostalgic contemplations of historic events have been both literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic memorials, which carefully edify the events into clear word pictures of province triumph and victory. However, displacements in the discourse of twentieth-century political relations have given rise to the voice of the victim within these narratives. The traditional nation-state is now answerable to an international community instead than itself ; a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and upholds moral conditions. These provinces continue to build an individuality both in the past and present, but are expected to admit their ain exclusions and accept blameworthiness for their old exploitations. In this new clime the traditional commemoration does non go disused, but alternatively evolves beyond a celebratory memorial, progressively citing the state's evildoings and function as culprit. This progressive switch in attitude has given birth to a new signifier of commemoration: the anti-monument. These modern-day commemorations abandon nonliteral signifiers in penchant of abstraction. This medium facilitates a dialogical relationship between spectator and capable whilst besides advancing ambivalency. Critically, this new typology allows the narration of the victim and culprit to entwine into a individual united signifier, a alleged move towards political damages. This essay analyses the tradition and features of historic memorials and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay surveies and inquiries abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, utilizing Peter Eisenman's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite its accomplishment as a piece public art, basically, it fails to execute its map of memorialization through its abstracted, equivocal signifier. Traditional memorials use nonliteral imagination to organize an intuitive connexion to the spectator. They use linguistic communication and iconography to show the looker-on with the state's idealized perceptual experience of a important event in history. Throughout clip, these memorials have frequently outlasted the civilisations or political governments who constructed them and as a consequence their undisputed specific narrative becomes unequivocal ; all memory of an alternate narration is lost with the passing of informants who could remember the existent events. This has the negative effect of relieving the contemporary visitant of duty for the past and fails to suit the invariably altering and varied position of the spectator. In this regard, the permanency of the traditional memorial nowadayss an unchallengeable narrative which becomes an active presence to the visitant, who is ever the receptive component. However, events of the 20th century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrociousness of the Holocaust altered commemorate pattern. Memorials were no longer militaristic and celebratory but alternatively acknowledged the offenses of the province against civilians. Interior designers were faced with the countless challenge of memorializing ‘the most quintessential illustration of adult male ‘s inhumaneness to adult male – the Holocaust. ‘ An event so ruinous it prevented any effort to singularly enter the single victim. The new typology that emerged would subsequently be defined as the antimonument. The anti-monument aimed to chase away old memorial convention by prefering a dialogical signifier over the traditional didactic memorial. This new memorial typology avoided actual representation through nonliteral look and written word in favour of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the spectator to now go the active component and the memorial to go the receptive component ; a role-reversal that allowed the visitant to convey their ain reading to the commemoration. James E Young commented that the purpose of these commemorations: â€Å" †¦ is non to comfort but to arouse ; non to stay fixed but to alter ; non to be everlasting but to vanish ; non to be ignored by passersby but to demand interaction ; non to stay pristine but to ask for its ain misdemeanor and desanctification ; non to accept gracefully the load of memory but to throw it back at the town ‘s pess. † In this manner, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument Acts of the Apostless receptively to history, clip and memory. He besides states: â€Å" Given the inevitable assortment of viing memories, we may ne'er really portion a common memory at these sites but merely the common topographic point of memory, where each of us is invited to retrieve in our ain manner. † The anti-monument facilitates the on-going activity of memory and allows the visitant to react to the current agonies of today in visible radiation of a remembered yesteryear. It is this point that basically determines the of import and necessary dialogical character of all modern Holocaust commemorations. Consequently, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a declaration to raise a commemoration to the murdered Jews of Europe. This commemoration intended to ‘honour the murdered victims ‘ and ‘keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history. ‘ An unfastened competition selected American, Peter Eisenman as the winning designer, who proposed an expansive field of 2,711 stelae and ‘the Ort ‘ , a auxiliary information Centre. The commemoration is non merely important for its intents of recollection, but besides represents the first national memorial to the Holocaust to be constructed with fiscal and political support from the German Federal State. The location of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by some, as the site has no old intension with the Holocaust or Nazism, but alternatively was a former no-mans land in the decease strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorating power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its arrangement lies within its integrating into Berlin ‘s urban kingdom. The edge status of the memorial nowadayss a natural passage between the stelae and the paving. The land plane and first stelae sit flower to each other before bit by bit lifting and recessing into two separate informations that create a zone of uncertainness between. The commemoration does non admit the specificity of the site and the deficiency of cardinal focal point intends to reflect the ambient nature of victims and culprits in the metropolis of Berlin. Within the stelae each visitant senses the memory of the victims somatically by sing feelings of claustrophobia, uneasiness and freak out within the narrow paseos and graduated table of the memorial. It was non Peter Eisenman ‘s purpose to emulate the restrictive status of a decease cantonment, but alternatively, to promote the personal contemplation of the person in their function of transporting memory in the present. â€Å" In this memorial there is no end, no terminal, no working one ‘s manner in or out. The continuance of an person ‘s experience of it grants no farther apprehension, since apprehension is impossible. The clip of the memorial, its continuance from top surface to land, is disjoined from the clip of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the yesteryear, merely the living memory of the single experience. Here, we can merely cognize the past through its manifestation in the present. † In this sense, each visitant is invited to see the absence created by the Holocaust and in bend, each feels and fills such a nothingness. It can non be argued that this material battle with absence is non powerful ; nevertheless, in most cases the feeling becomes passing. Each visitant walks precariously around the commemoration, hesitating for idea and expecting the following corner. They are forced to alter gait and way unwillingly and face the changeless menace of hit at every bend and intersection of the looming stelae. It is this status, in my sentiment, that instills the feeling of menace and edginess into most visitants as opposed to the perceived connexion between themselves and the victims. The commemoration does non give any infinite for assemblages of people and therefore inhibits any ceremonial usage in the act of memory. The aggregation of stelae is evocative of the graveyards of Judaic ghettos in Europe where due to infinite restraints ; gravestones are piled high and crowded together at different angles. Some visitants treat the commemoration as a graveyard, walking easy and mutely, before halting and layering flowers or tapers at the side of a stele. The presence of these drab grievers and their objects of recollection are one of the lone indexs that clearly place the stelae field as a commemoration. However, the objects discarded at the commemoration are ever removed by the staff, proposing the memorial be experienced in its intended signifier ; a relationship more kindred to public art instead than that of a commemoration. In Eisenman ‘s sentiment, the commemoration is symbolic of a apparently stiff and apprehensible system of jurisprudence and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitant experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they one time perceived as rational and negotiable from the exterior. â€Å" The undertaking manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational grid, and its potency for disintegration in clip. It suggests that when a purportedly rational and ordered system grows excessively big and out of proportion to its intended intent, it in fact loses touch with human ground. It so begins to uncover the innate perturbations and potency for pandemonium in all systems of looking order, the thought that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to neglect. † Through abstraction, the memorial efforts to admit both the victims and culprits in a individual, incorporate signifier. The regular grid of the memorial and its delusory portraiture of reason acknowledge the culprits of the offense: the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble gravestones in a graveyard, allowing the victims a marker for their life, a marker antecedently denied to them by a Nazi government who aimed to wipe out all memory of their being. Eisenman ‘s commemoration is concerned with how the yesteryear is manifested in the present. His involvement lies non with the murdered Jews the commemoration aims to mark, but alternatively, how the contemporary visitant can associate to those victims. In this regard, the memorial licenses recollection displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote: â€Å" The memory of the Holocaust can ne'er be one of nostalgia. †¦ The Holocaust can non be remembered in the nostalgic manner, as its horror everlastingly ruptured the nexus between nostalgia and memory. The memorial efforts to show a new thought of memory as distinguishable from nostalgia. † The field of stelae does non show a nostalgic remembrance of Judaic life before the holocaust ; neither does it try to encapsulate the events of the race murder. Alternatively, the memorial connects with the visitant through a material battle that facilitates an single response to memory. The stelae have the consequence of making a ghostly atmosphere as the sounds of the environing streets and metropolis are deadened, overstating the visitant ‘s uncomfortableness. However, the atmosphere is disturbed by the cheering, laughter and conversation of visitants lost in the stelae looking for one another. In pronounced contrast, the subterraneous information Centre has the consequence of hushing its dwellers. The exhibition provides a actual representation of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust, pedagogically exposing the vesture, letters and personal properties of a smattering of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a topographic point of information so that the stelae field would go the sole and unequivocal experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion. It is my sentiment that ‘The Ort ‘ or information Centre has become the important topographic point of memory and memorialization despite being at the same time downplayed by the designer and German province. The little edifice is located belowground and accessed via a narrow stairway amongst the stelae. As with the commemoration as a whole, there is no recognition of its being or map, and as a consequence must be discovered through roving. It performs memorialization far more successfully than the stelae field by bring forthing an emotional response from the visitant. In the exhibition, the hurt of the visitant is evident as they walk around solemnly, the world of the holocaust going perceptible. The acoustic presence of shouting and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shouting in the stelae above. The exhibition features infinites where the lifes of victims are made hearable, explicating the sequence of events that led to their deceases. In these suites the sm allest inside informations of the victim's forgotten lives are told in a heavy voice which instantly gives substance to the person and corporate loss. The visitant ‘s injury is perceptible here as the impossible statistics are non portrayed as abstract representations, but alternatively are actual and personified. It is the lone subdivision of the commemoration where the holocaust is explicitly present ; where visitants are non removed from the horrors but alternatively confronted with them. At street degree, the commemoration has no marks or indexs to its intent and the stelae present no carving or lettering. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of doing the commemoration a relaxed and convenient topographic point to be. The memorial has transcended the theory that commemorations command regard by their mere being, with the site going a portion of mundane life for Berliners as a topographic point of leisure. Many stumble on the commemoration as an empty labyrinth, a kids ‘s resort area where people walk across the stelae, leaping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an inherent aptitude to demo regard and a desire to fulfill a self-generated demand to play. The commemoration ‘s aspiration is to enable every visitant to make their ain decision and determine an single experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a withdrawal between the person and the commemoration ‘s primary map of memorialization. The theoretical narration of the stelae field is an highly complex and powerful thought, nevertheless the equivocal, absent design fails to let the visitant to truly relate to the victims or derive an apprehension of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its uniqueness, the abstract stelae field fails to mark, alternatively being dependant on the didactic attack of the information Centre to let the visitant to associate to the holocaust and its victims.When measuring the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote:â€Å" It has become progressively evident that no design for a Berlin commemoration to retrieve the 1000000s of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will of all time turn out adequate to the huge symbolic weight it must transport, as legion designs have been considered and discarded. Possibly the best class at this point would be to go forth the site of the prop osed commemoration at the bosom of Berlin and of Germany empty†¦ † Possibly this attack would hold finally become more pertinent. How does one design a memorial in memory of an event so impossible that in some manner doesn't have the inauspicious affect of doing it more toothsome? Possibly, as Archigram frequently insisted, the solution may non be a edifice. The absence of a memorial delegates the duty of memorialization to the person who as carriers of memory, come to symbolize the absent memorial. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe is an challenging and alone position on cognitive memory that doubtless has advanced the development of the antimonument, puting a new case in point in memorial architecture. However, the commemoration ‘s effectivity is basically undermined by the premise that all visitants are cognizant, and will go on to be cognizant of the specific events of the holocaust. For illustration, how will a 2nd or 3rd coevals ‘s reading differ from that of a subsister who visits the memorial today? Its absent, equivocal signifier fails to contextualize the commemoration without the concomitant of explicit, actual representations presented individually within the Information Centre. It is for this ground that the memorial apparently becomes a victim of its ain impossibleness.Bibliography:Rauterberg, Hanno. Holocaust Memorial Berlin. ( Lars Muller Publishers ) 2005.Young, James E. The Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History. ( Prestel ) 1994.He athcote, Edwin. Monument Builders: Modern Architecture and Death. ( Academy Editions ) 1999.Williams, Paul. Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities. ( Berg ) 2007.Young, James E. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. ( New Haven ) 1993.Boym, Svetlana. The Future of Nostalgia. ( Basic Books ) 2001.Zion, Brigitte. Experience and Remembrance at Berlin. ( New York ) 2007.Choay, Francoise. The Invention of the Historic Monument. ( Cambridge University Press ) 2001.Eisenman, Peter. Notations of Affect. An Architecture of memory ( Pathos, Affekt, Gef & A ; uuml ; hectoliter ) 2004.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/germans/memorial/eisenman.html – Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Project Text. 2005.Photographs:Magnuson, Eric. ‘Pathways. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flickr.com/photos/esm723/3754775324 ) 2009.Ndesh. ‘Platform Games. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.f lickr.com/photos/ndesh/3754009233/in/photostream ) 2009.Ward, Matt. ‘Flowers. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flickr.com/photos/mattward/3472587863 ) 2009.

A Token Economy That Supports Both Behavior and Math Skills

A Token Economy That Supports Both Behavior and Math Skills A Point System is a token economy that provides points for the behaviors or academic tasks that you want to reinforce either for a students IEP, or to manage or improve targeted behaviors. Points are assigned to those preferred (replacement) behaviors and rewarded on an ongoing basis to your students. Token Economies  support behavior and teach children to defer gratification. It is one of several techniques that can support good behavior. A point system to reward behavior creates an objective, performance-based system that can be straightforward to administer. A Point system is an effective way to administer a reinforcement program for students in self-contained programs, but can also be used to support behavior in an inclusion setting. You will want to have your point system operate on two levels: one that targets specific behaviors of a child with an IEP, and another that covers the behavioral expectations of the general classroom, as a tool for classroom management. Implementing a Point System Identify the behaviors that you want to increase or decrease. These can be Academic Behaviors (completing assignments, performance in reading or math) Social Behavior (Saying thank you to peers, waiting patiently for turns, etc.) or Classroom Survival Skills (Staying in your seat, raising a hand for permission to speak.Its best to limit the number of behaviors you want to recognize at first. Theres no reason you cant add a behavior each week for a month, though you may want to expand the cost of the rewards as the possibility to earn points expands.Determine the items, activities or privileges that can be earned by the points. Younger students may be more motivated for preferred items or small toys. Older students may be more interested in privileges, especially privileges that give that child visibility and therefore attention from his or her peers.Pay attention to what your students prefer to do in their free time. You can also use a reward menu, to discover your students preferen ces. At the same time, be prepared to add items as your students reinforcers may change. Decide on the number of points earned for each behavior, and the time frame for winning prizes or earning a trip to the prize box. You may also want to create a time frame for the behavior: a half hour of reading group free of interruption may be good for five or ten points.Determine the reinforcer costs. How many points for each reinforcer? You want to be sure to require more points for more desirable reinforcers. You may also want some small reinforcers that students could earn every day.Create a Classroom Bank or another method of recording accumulated points. You might be able to make a student the banker, though you want to build in some deterrence to fraud. Rotating the role is one way. If your students have weak academic skills (as opposed to Emotionally Impaired students) you or your classroom aide may administer the reinforcement program.Decide how points will be delivered. Points need to be delivered continuously and unobtrusively, immediately after the appropriate, target behavior. Delivery methods might include:Poker chips: White chips were two points, blue chips were five points, and red chips were ten points. I awarded two points for being caught being good, and five points were good for completing assignments, returning homework, etc. At the end of the period, they counted their points and rewarded them. After 50 or 100 points they could trade them in for a reward: either a privilege (use of my CD players during independent work for a week) or an item from my treasure chest.A record sheet on the students desk: Use a specific colored pen to avoid counterfeiting.A daily record on a clipboard: This would be most effective for young children who would either lose the chips or not be able to help with record keeping: the teacher can record their daily points on a class chart at the end of the day/period.Plastic money used to teach counting: This would be great for a group that is acquiring money counting skills. In this system, one cent would equal on e point. Explain the system to your students. Be sure to demonstrate the system, explaining it thoroughly. You may want to create a poster that explicitly names the desired behavior and the number of points for each behavior.Accompany points with social praise. Praising students will pair praise with the reinforcement and increase the likelihood that praise alone will increase targeted behaviors.Use flexibility when administering your point system. Youll want to reinforce every instance of the target behavior to start but may want to spread it out over multiple occurrences. Start with 2 points for each occurrence and increase it to 5 points for every 4 occurrences. Also pay attention to which items are preferred, as preferences may change over time. Over time you can add or change target behaviors, as you change the reinforcement schedule and reinforcers.

Brazil and Italy Divorce Comparison Essay

Brazil and Italy Divorce Comparison Essay Brazil and Italy Divorce Comparison Sociology Essay Brazil and Italy Divorce Comparison Sociology Essay The main focus of this research is on the study of the dynamics of the divorce problem in Italy and Brazil. This study includes comparison of data associated with divorce issue, factors that contribute to divorce, and governmental efforts to solve the divorce problem. To have deep understanding of the topic, scholarly sources have been used, for example, â€Å"Marriage and Divorce: Changes and their Driving Forces† by Stevenson and Wolfers, â€Å"Socio-Economic and Cultural Correlates of Cohabitation in Brazil† by Covre-Sussai and Matthijs, â€Å"Legislative Changes and their Impact on Divorce, Separation and Marriage Rates in Brazil† Maristrello Porto and Butelli, and other works. The research presents the effects of legalization of divorce and describes the factors that account for divorce rate. Historical and cultural developments, rise of globalism, and introduction of new technology may lead to changes in people’s judgment, causing them to reconsider their choices concerning family life. The research also describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in restricting divorce progression. Due to the significant influence of the Church in Italian and Brazilian societies it was possible to delay the legalization of divorce for a considerable period of time. Divorce in Brazil and in Italy For a long time family was regarded by many nations in the West as a very important social institution. Today, family has become a subject of controversy and discussion. Many researchers have raised questions about the functions of the family units in terms of husband-wife-children relationships. It became common to see women going outside the home to take income producing jobs rather than staying home with children. Many couples live together without a formality of marriage, and those who are legally married tend to separate or divorce. Italy and Brazil are not the exception in this matter. In these countries husbands and wives often share their responsibilities in domestic spheres and the market. Rearing their children is also included in those responsibilities. Gary Becker, in his Treatise on the Family explained this phenomenon and described it in terms of â€Å"production complementarities†. He also identified some reasons for this change: the emergence of new technology that can save labor in the home, availability of birth control and easy access to abortion (Stevenson Wolfers, 2007). All these forces made a significant contribution to a high divorce rate in many countries, including Italy and Brazil. Italy and Brazil have been selected for this research to learn the dynamics of the marriage failure in a deeper way. Such an approach will consider more cultural and social variables that can influence the divorce rate. Italy and Brazil are situated in different geographic regions and have different historical development. While Italy’s population is more homogenous, Brazil is an ethnically diverse country with 50% of mixed races, 42% of white people and 6.5% descendants from Africa (Covre-Sussai Matthijs, n.d., p. 6). The religious influence in both countries has been considerable for centuries. The dominance of the Roman Catholic Church significantly influenced Italy and Brazil. As it was mentioned before, family is a very important social institution. Families are not standing in opposition to the rest of the society as some people think. The truth is that the family units affect the values and structure of the whole society. Both, in Italy and Brazil, these units are the product of particular historical and social circumstances. They are intricately interconnected to other features in social infrastructure. For this reason, the problem of divorce should be a great concern to Italy and Brazil. This research will compare the dynamics of the divorce problem in Italy and Brazil. It will also discuss the initiatives of the governments of both countries to solve this problem. Magnitude of the Problem Italy was one of the countries that held the traditional view concerning marriage, and did not accept the legalization of divorce for a long time. In 1970 a divorce law was passed in Italian parliament. Mark Seymour in his book Debating Divorce in Italy (2006) made the following comment on this event, â€Å"after several deputies had collapsed from exhaustion, a parliamentary vote of 319 for divorce, and 286 against, made Italian history: The Nation now had a divorce law† (p. 211). But only in 1974 when the divorce referendum on this matter was held the Italian public voted for its legalization. Since then the divorce rate began to increase. In 1960s, before the divorce law was passed the divorce rate in Italy was zero. The research of Gonzalez and Viitanen (2006) showed the dynamics of the divorce rate in Figure 1 while comparing the rates in other European countries (p. 24). Immediately, after the passing the law the rise in divorce rate occurred. It reached about 0.7 per 10 00 population. In 1974 the rate began to decrease and it was at approximately 0.3 for more than a decade. However, in the late 1980s the divorce rate almost doubled. This phenomenon can be explained by the amendment of the divorce law passed in 1987. It made provisions for shortening the divorce process and allowed only 3 years of legal separation. Before the divorce process could last 5 or 6 years. Since the amendment was provided the divorce rate had been gradually rising and in 2008 it reached 1.3 per 1000 population (The United States Census Bureau, n.d.). In 2011, the Italian National Institute of Statistics gave more detailed information on separations and divorces in Italy. According to their data, â€Å"In 2011 separations were 88,797 and divorces 53,806; compared to the previous year a substantial stability is observed (+0.7% and -0.7%)† (Istat, n.d.). Total rates of separation and divorce indicate the rise of these phenomena. For example, in 1995 the numbers of separations and divorces for 1000 marriages were 158 and 80 respectively. In 2011 these numbers grew to 311 and 182. Recently the Italian Government has introduced another amendment that simplified the divorce process. The 3 years term of legal separation that had been required by the law, was reduced to 6 months. This initiative will probably contribute to the further growth of divorce rate. The historical development of divorce legalization in Brazil was similar to Italian. The Brazilian society was not willing to accept the divorce law for a long time. This phenomenon was attributed to the influence of Christianity represented by the Roman Catholic Church. Only in 1977 the divorce law became legal. In the 1960s and the early 1970s the divorce rate was zero, the same indicator as in Italy before the introduction of the divorce legalization. But since 1980 this dynamic has changed. The researchers Maira Covre-Sussai and Koen Matthijs, in their project on cohabitation in Brazil discussed the marriage trends. Their research covered different regions of Brazil inhabited by various ethnic groups. The graphs 1 and 2 show the dynamics of marriage and divorce rate in the period from 1980 to 2007 (Covre-Sussai Matthijs, n.d., p. 7). It is remarkable that soon after the introduction of divorce law marriage rate dropped by 4 – 6 marriages per 1000 adults in different regio ns during the next decade. Then the marriage rate stabilized. However, it never came back to the initial point. The divorce rate has shown an ongoing growth in all regions of Brazil since 1980. In the North this rate grew from 0.1 to 0.8 per 1000 adults in the period from 1980 to 2006. In the Central West the divorce rate rose 4 times within the same period. To be precise, if in 1980 the rate was approximately at 0.5, in 2006 it reached 2.00 per 1000 adults. It is also necessary to say that the initial rate 0.5 was more predominant in the Brazilian society. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2012) published average data on this issue. According to their data the divorce rate rose from 0.5 to 1.4 per 1000 adults from 1980 to 2006. But then, the graph showed a rapid growth from 1.4 to 2.6 per 1000 adults from 2009 to 2011. The Civil Registry 2011 revealed an astonishing fact: divorce rate rose to 45.6% in only one year. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2012) put it in more detailed way, The number of divorces in Brazil reached 351,153 in 2011, with increase of 45.6% over 2010 (243,224). As a result, the divorce rate reached its highest level since 1984 (2.6 divorces per 1000 inhabitants aged 15 and over), even more than in the previous year (1.8%). It is remarkable that the rapid growth of divorce rate occurred after the Brazilian Government provided the 66th amendment to the constitution. According to the new legislation a year period of separation was not necessary to be divorced any more. This event took place in 2010, just in the period when the rapid rise of the divorce rate occurred. Considering the fact that Italian Government has recently introduced an amendment that reduced a period of separation, a prediction can be made that Italy will soon experience a new rise of divorce rate. To have a full picture of the magnitude of divorce problem it is necessary to research structural factors that may count for it. The major factor that influenced marriage and family was globalization. Both, Italy and Brazil have been affected by the globalization process to a different degree though. Since 1960s many countries, particularly in Europe, have experienced the second demographic transition. In their research on socio-economics and cohabitation, Maira Covre-Sussai Koen Matthijs put it in the following way, â€Å"Secularization, privatization, individualization and urbanization seemed to contribute to the shifts from collective to individual behavior† (n.d., p. 9). These factors influenced human mind: people began to acquire critical thinking and evaluate current social and economic conditions. New motivations in social consciousness have been formed, such as equality, freedom and self-fulfillment. As a result, people began utilizing these ideas and standards as the y forged their families. Therefore, the growth of divorce rate, decline in fertility, cohabitation and economic autonomy of women are directly related to the 2nd demographic transition. In the social background there were changes, such as abandonment of previous traditions, beliefs and values. Under the influence of these changes couples began to consider new options in their life. For example, they may take the decisions related to legal marriage, living with a spouse and having children (Covre-Sussai Matthijs, n.d.). All these changes have affected people both, in Italy and Brazil. Today Italian people have been experiencing tougher demands in the course of their life. They can also have more opportunities for self-fulfillment. As a result their lifestyle is now very hectic. Both, men and women are professional and are capable of doing different jobs. But their busy life often prevents them from paying attention to emotional needs of each other and from showing care to their children. Therefore, the lack of affection led to relational problems and caused a separation and divorce. The upper middle class in Brazil has been experiencing similar relational problems, but since this social class is not large, Brazilians deal with these problems at a lesser scale than Italians. Unlike Italy, Brazil has never been the state with sufficient welfare that could provide all the necessary needs and proper education to people from all social classes. It is well known that poverty and low education do not encou rage people to get married. For this reason many Brazilian people cohabit instead of getting married. Poverty and low education may also contribute to divorce rate in Brazil (Covre-Sussai Matthijs, n.d.). Coming back to globalization impact on family it is important to note the role of new technology in divorce rate growing. The emergence of Internet and development of cell phones pushed the boundaries and allowed people quick and easy access to communication with each other. Social services gave more opportunities for connection with friends or making friendship. All these factors contribute to relational problems within the family unit significantly. For example, in Italy many young people tend to use the instant messaging service. The service allows people to send free messages via smartphones. Such a service often tempts Italians to converse with the opposite sex. These affairs via smartphone may result in divorce. In Brazil the society is poorer, and is affected by the social services via smartphones at a lesser level. However, the Internet is now available for many Brazilians and it gives them an opportunity to connect with the opposite sex in the Internet cafà ©s. It is also important to mention some historical developments in Brazil that influenced the attitude to the family in the country. Back in the 18th century, when the Catholic Church had control over marriage the slaves were not allowed to be married. The only option they had was to have informal unions. Portuguese colonizers who came to Brazil without their wives also chose informal unions taking indigenous women. Thus family organization in Brazil had a particular history that laid the foundation for interracial and patriarchal relationship (Covre-Sussai Matthijs, n.d.). However, in the modern Brazilian society authoritarian attitudes are tolerated less and they may lead to divorce. To complete the research on the magnitude of divorce problems it is important to mention one more reason that often cause divorce in Italy. The Italian family has a special tradition that is characterized by the close relationship and strong emotional ties between mother and her son (Straussner, 2001, p. 6). Thus when the son gets married these ties often interfere with his marriage relationships. Mother views her son’s spouse as a rival. She often visits the couple’s household and attempts to replace her son’s wife doing things in the house. These mother’s initiatives often cause conflicts between spouses, and ultimately lead to separation and divorce. Efforts to Reduce the Problem of Divorce It may sound surprising to the contemporary Italians but the Italian Parliament made great effort to prevent divorce problem. Their struggle against legalization of divorce had been going since 1860 until the popular referendum that took place in 1974. A lot of research on this matter has been done by Mark Seymour in his book Debating Divorce in Italy (2006). He did a very good job studying the efforts of Italian Parliament to prevent divorce law. During the period of 1860 – 1870 the divorce proposal was not included in the 1865 Civil Code. The proposal was not introduced during the period of the Historic Right either. Until 1901, all the attempts of divorce proposal were futile owing to deliberative procedures in the parliaments. Though some representatives kept introducing proposals for divorce they were always declined or postponed. After 1901, any initiative to allow divorce could not even pass the initial stages of the review in the Italian Parliament. Many historians tri ed to understand why so many divorce initiatives failed to pass. The historian Ernest Ialongo (2008) from CUNY Graduate Center, gave the answer in his review. Because the Church, through its Opera dei congressi, had successfully mobilized public opinion and parliament against divorce. Starting with the divorce proposal of 1881, the Opera began sending out petitions to parishes throughout the country that were then signed and forwarded to parliament. There was not any other non-governmental establishment that could contribute so much to preservation of the family institution. Secular organizations , were not usually interested in sacredness of the family and moral values. Secular Italian government and non-governmental organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank invested their funds into the economy system or social projects. But the measures on improvement of living standards were not sufficient to protect the family units. It was necessary to protect and cultivate moral values. The Church showed its concern when the morality was questioned by some representatives of the Italian society. Eventually, it managed to delay the introduction of divorce law and the gradual destruction of the family institution in Italy. In the 1960s the Italian nation was influenced by the secularization process that started in the Western societies. Secularization of the Italian state, the weakened influence of the Vatican in the Italian communities and the triumph of individual freedoms over religious and social traditions led to the legalization of divorce. As the result of this triumph, in 1970 the divorce law was passed. Four years later, public referendum supported the decision concerning the divorce matter made by the Italian Parliament. In Brazil the Catholic Church had a strong influence too. It managed to delay the introduction of divorce until 1977, seven years longer than in Italy. When the divorce law was introduced several amendments were issued that accelerated the divorce process. The Brazilian governments tried to reduce the divorce problem by the implementation of laws that prevented divorce. The evolution of laws that supported divorce began in 1916 when the Civil Code allowed marital unions to be dissolved after the death of the spouse. Litigious judicial separation was also possible. The law had specific requirements for judicial separation: mutual consent and willingness to be married for another 2 years. According to the research of Porto and Butelli (n.d.) In litigious judicial separation at least one of these must have occurred: adultery, insult, homicide attempt, or voluntary marital abandonment. However, even after judicial separation was granted, the marital bond was kept, impeding new marriages from both individuals. (p. 6) In 1977, the law 6.515 and the Amendment to the country’s Constitution n.9 allowed the dissolution of marriage but at the same time impeded new marriages. The new legislation also made a provision for prior separation that could take more than 3 years. However, a few months later there emerged the Divorce Act. This legal document provided not only separation but indirect divorce. In 1989 there the Law 1.841 was issued. It provided more freedom for those who decided to divorce: divorced individuals were allowed to remarry. As a result, successive divorces became possible. The Civil Code issued in 2002 modified the divorce process in Brazil. Marriage dissolution was provided in 2 ways: through judicial separation and divorce. In 2007 Law 11.441 was issued. It allowed the consensual divorce to be granted in the civil registry. Thus, divorce, separation and dividing the assets became possible whenever the spouses made agreements on its terms. As a result it became much easier to get divorced than before. Ultimately, Brazilian governments failed to reduce divorce problem. Non-governmental institutions, such as the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund, managed to assist the Brazilian society with reducing their social problem. Like in Italy, the finances were spent on economy system and some social projects, but not on preserving family values. Over time the divorce rate rose significantly, and statistics showed no evidence that the problem would be successfully dealt. It is really difficult to predict what the divorce problem in both countries will look like in 10 years as there are many factors that can influence the dynamics of this matter. For example, the introduction of new laws that simplify divorce process can trigger a new rise of divorce rate. The introduction of new technology will also affect the family institution and may contribute to divorce rate. Considering the reduction of the Church’s influence and the willingness of Italian and Brazilian governments to provide new laws encouraging divorce, this problem will only get worse over the next 10 years. The majority of population in Italy and Brazil had been family oriented before the divorce was legalized. Thus, legal restrictions on divorce helped to preserve families. The dominance of the Roman Catholic Church also served as a positive factor. The Church influenced both, society and government ensuring moral values in Italy and Brazil. It appears that specific historical developments, globalization process and the introduction of new technology may affect the family unit in a negative way. However, if legal restrictions and the Church’s influence remained it would be possible to avoid the rise of divorce rate and preserve family institution.

The Experts Guide to the AP Biology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Biology Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're taking AP Biology, it's a good idea to familiarize yourself with the exam before you get too far into the course. Preparing ahead of time for the AP exam format and fully understanding which concepts are covered on the AP Biology test can go a long way toward earning a high score (and potentially getting college credit!). This article will take you through the structure and scoring of the AP Bio exam and give you some key tips on the best ways to study for AP Biology. How Is the AP Biology Exam Structured? The AP Biology test has a multiple-choice section (that also includes grid-in questions, so it’s not purely multiple choice) and a free-response section. It is three hours long in total. The next AP Biology exam will take place on Monday, May 11, 2020, at 8 am. Multiple-Choice Section The first section on AP Bio consists of multiple-choice questions and a handful of grid-in questions. Here's an overview of what to expect: 63 multiple-choice questions Six grid-in questions 90 minutes long Worth 50% of your score Grid-in questions ask you to integrate math and science skills to make calculations and then enter your answer into a grid on the answer sheet (essentially, these are short-response questions that are similar to grid-in questions on the SAT Math section). Free-Response Section The second section is the free-response section, which looks like this: Six short-response questions Two long-response questions 90 minutes long (including a 10-minute reading period) Worth 50% of your score (25% for the short responses and 25% for the long responses) One of the long-response questions will be lab- or data-based, while all short-response questions require you to write at least a paragraph for your response or argument. Expectations of the AP Biology Exam Here's what both sections on the AP Biology test expect you to know how to do: Understand how graphical and mathematical models can be used to explain biological principles and concepts Make predictions and justify events based on biological principles Implement your knowledge of proper experimental design Interpret data Is this coffee smiling at me? Or am I delirious from lack of sleep? What's Tested on the AP Biology Exam? 4 Big Ideas The AP Biology test doesn't include a set number of questions that deal with each topic area, but you should note that the exam is centered around four major themes (or "Big Ideas," as the College Board calls them). Here's a list of these themes, followed by the topics that fall beneath each of them: Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Topics that fall into this category include the following: Natural selection Mathematical modeling of populations Species classification Biodiversity Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce, and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Topics that fall into this category include the following: Molecular biology Cell structure Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Thermodynamics and homeostasis The immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Retrieve, Transmit, and Respond to Info That's Essential to Life Processes Here are the main topics in this category: Genetics The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Viruses Communication between cells The endocrine system The nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Have Complex Properties The topics that fall into this category include the following: Plant structure Enzymes The circulatory system Digestion The musculoskeletal system Ecology AP Biology Sample Questions Now that you have a basic content outline, here are some examples of the types of questions you'll see on the AP Biology test so that you can get an even better idea of what to expect. Multiple-Choice Here is an example of a multiple-choice AP Biology exam question: This question looks kind of complicated, but let’s break it down. The first sentence is background information that isn’t really necessary for answering the question, besides the fact that it tells us we’re talking about sickle cell anemia. This is helpful if you can remember basic facts about the disease that you can use to contextualize the question. The main part of the question asks what will be affected when you replace a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic one on a hemoglobin protein. Based on your knowledge of sickle cell anemia and molecular properties, you should be able to eliminate choices B and C, which don’t have much to do with the abnormality described in the question. Choice D can also be eliminated because the internal secondary structure of the protein is not altered by the existence of the hydrophobic group. This would only affect how the molecule interacts externally with other hemoglobin molecules, as in choice A (the correct answer). Grid-In Here’s an example of a grid-in question that you might see on the AP Biology test: This question just asks you to read a graph and perform some basic calculations. We can see from the graph that from day 3 to day 5, the population size grew from 200 to 900 individuals. This means that it increased by 700 individuals in total. If we divide 700 by the time period of two days, that's a mean growth rate of 350 individuals per day. Therefore, you would enter â€Å"350† into the grid for this question. Bacteria gettin' it on. Short Free Response Here’s an example of a short free-response question you might see on the AP Biology test: On this particular question, you could earn a maximum of 4 points (one for each type of data you describe in part a and one for the explanation for each in part b). Here are three types of data and their corresponding explanations you could cite for points: Option 1 Data Description: The ability of the plants to produce viable seeds/offspring in nature Explanation: This is consistent with the definition of a biological species Option 2 Data Description: Comparison of the two plants’ DNA sequences or structures of other conserved molecules. Explanation: Sufficient similarity between the DNA structures would support the existence of a single species Option 3 Data Description: Discovering the existence of fertile hybrid plant populations living between the two other populations of plants Explanation: This is also consistent with the definition of a biological species (again, ability to produce fertile offspring) There must be jobs out there for which you just have to collect plant samples. Start building your experience now by never showering. Long Free Response Here’s an example of a long free-response question you might see on the AP Biology exam: On this question, you could earn up to 10 points in total. Part A is worth 3 points. To earn these points, you have to: Create a graph that is correctly labeled, is correctly scaled, and uses proper units. Make it a bar graph with correctly plotted sample means. Show the standard error (+/- 2) on your graph above and below the means. Part B is worth 2 points. To earn these points, you have to: Identify populations I and III as the most likely to have statistically significant differences in the mean densities. Explain why this is the case (because the margins of error do not overlap for the mean densities of these two populations; 9+2 is less than 14-2). Part C is worth 5 points: You'd earn 2 points for identifying the independent variable (presence of herbivores) and dependent variable (trichome density). You would earn 1 point for identifying a control treatment (absence of herbivores). You would earn 1 point for identifying an appropriate duration of the experiment (more than one generation of plants). The final point would be earned by predicting experimental results that would support the hypothesis (higher trichome density under the experimental conditions as compared to the control conditions). Ugh, gross! This leaf is full of trichomes. How Is the AP Biology Exam Scored? As mentioned, on AP Bio the multiple-choice section (including the grid-ins) makes up 50% of your score, and the free-response section makes up the other 50%. For the multiple-choice section, it’s easy to calculate your raw score: you just get 1 point for each question you answer correctly. There are no point deductions for incorrect or blank answers. This is also true for the grid-in questions. Scoring is a bit more complicated on the free-response section (which is scored by actual graders rather than a computer). Each of the six short response questions has a different point value depending on its complexity. Three are scored out of 3 points, while the other three are scored out of 4 points. Finally, each long free-response question uses a 10-point scale. To figure out your final AP Bio score, you’ll need to do a couple more calculations. This can change from year to year based on the performance of students, but this is the most recent estimate I have regarding the methodology behind it: Multiply the number of points you got on the multiple-choice section by 1.03 Multiply the number of points you got on the two long free-response questions by 1.5 Multiply the number of points you got on the short free-response questions by 1.43 Add all these numbers together to get your raw AP Biology score Here's a conversion chart you can use to see how raw score ranges (generally) translate into final AP scores (on a scale of 1-5). I've also included the percentage of students who earned each score in 2017 to give you an idea of what the score distribution looks like: Raw Score AP Score % of Test Takers Earning Score (2017) 92-120 5 6.4% 72-91 4 21.0% 52-71 3 36.7% 31-51 2 27.5% 0-30 1 8.4% For example, if you got 40 points on the multiple-choice section, 13 points on the long-response questions, and 14 points on the short-response questions, your AP Bio score would be (40*1.03) + (13*1.5) + (14*1.43) = 80.72. This indicates that you'd likely earn a 4 on the AP Biology test. If you want to spice things up a little bit, you can even do the math on a snazzy calculator with red buttons! Isn't this fun?!?!? What’s the Best Way to Prep for the AP Biology Exam? Now that you know all about what's on the AP Biology test, it's time to learn how to ace it. Follow these four tips so you can get a great score! Tip 1: Review Your Labs Labs make up about 25% of the AP Biology course, and for good reason. It’s important to understand how labs are conducted and how the principles behind them relate to the main ideas of the course. This will help in answering both free-response and multiple-choice questions that deal with lab scenarios on the test. Many free-response questions ask you to identify the components of a proposed experiment (dependent and independent variables) or to design a lab to test a certain hypothesis. You might have forgotten about the labs you did toward the beginning of the year, so take extra care to go over them. Make sure that you understand exactly how they were conducted and what the results mean. Tip 2: Learn to Connect Small-Scale Terms With Large-Scale Themes The AP Biology test covers four major themes: Evolution Energy use in biological systems Processing of stimuli in biological systems Interaction of biological systems Under each of these umbrella topics are many terms and ideas you'll need to review. Memorization can be a big part of studying for AP Biology. However, memorizing the definitions of terms will only get you so far. You'll also need to understand how they relate to one another and to the four themes listed above. The exam emphasizes making connections between biological terms, corresponding biological systems, inputs and outputs of these systems, and the overall impact on living organisms and the environment. You should be able to follow a chain of reasoning from the specific to the broad, and vice versa. If this tree is AP Biology, the four big branches are the four themes, and all the smaller offshoots are different terms and concepts. For it to survive, there has to be a lot of communication between the trunk and the rest of the tree! Tip 3: Practice Eliminating Irrelevant Information Both multiple-choice and free-response AP Biology questions include lots of scientific terminology and visual aids, and this kind of format might be intimidating if you’re not used to it. It’s important to practice sorting through this jumble of information so that you can quickly get to the root of the question rather than obsessing over small details you don’t understand. Try underlining important words and phrases in the question to help you stay focused on the main points and avoid misleading distractions. You should also practice responding to free-response questions in a straightforward way without any unnecessary fluff. Remember, this isn’t an English test; the graders are just looking for clear facts and analysis. Make it easy for them to give you points! Tip 4: Learn Good Time Management The AP Bio exam is pretty long (even for an AP test), and many of the questions require quite a bit of thought. You need to ensure that you have a good handle on time management before exam day. The best way to do this is to take at least one AP Biology practice test. There are 69 questions in total on the multiple-choice section, and you have 90 minutes to answer them. This comes out to about one minute and 15 seconds for each question. Based on that fact, you should spend no more than a minute on each multiple-choice question the first time you go through a practice test. If you find yourself spending extra time on a question, skip it and come back to it later. It’s best to give yourself some leeway in case you run into trouble on the grid-in questions. You also have 90 minutes for the free-response section, but you'll spend different amounts of time on the long and short questions. Limit your time on the long questions to 22 minutes each or less (44 minutes total), and your time on the short questions to six minutes each or less. If you can’t work this fast right away, try doing additional practice free-response questions until you feel comfortable with the time constraints. Really get to know the test. Take it on a romantic getaway, and watch the sunset with it. Deep down, the AP Biology exam just wants to be understood. Summary: How to Do Well on the AP Biology Exam The AP Biology exam is three hours long, with two sections that take up an hour and a half each. The multiple-choice section has 69 questions in total, while the free-response section has eight questions in total. The content of the exam spans four major themes, or Big Ideas, that are central to the course. These include the following: Evolution Energy use within biological systems The processing of stimuli within biological systems Interactions that occur between biological systems on a larger scale in nature Questions ask you to connect specific terms and concepts to these central topics. They'll test your ability to interpret data, to make predictions and inferences based on biological evidence, and to analyze different experimental scenarios. Overall, AP Biology is a tough test, but as long as you study hard and know what to expect, you're perfectly capable of getting a great score! What's Next? Review key biology ideas and facts with our subject-focused guides. You'll learn about cell theory and the functions of the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, what the distinction is between homologous and analogous structures, how enzymes work, and when and how to use the photosynthesis equation. If any of your prospective colleges require or recommend Subject Test scores, you might want to take the Biology SAT Subject Test in addition to the AP Biology test. Read this article to learn more about the differences between AP tests and Subject Tests, and which ones matter the most. Still planning out your class schedule? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school based on your college goals. The difficulty level of different AP classes might play a role in your decision whether or not to take them. Check out these articles for more info on which AP classes are the hardest and which are the easiest. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process Term Paper

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process - Term Paper Example Leading tools in Statistical process control are control charts, which is based on constant perfection and premeditated testing. Control charts, also recognized as process-behavior charts. In statistical process control, control charts are key practice utilized to establish whether or not a production or commercial process is in a condition of statistical control. The control chart can be envisioned as ingredient of a purpose and regimented approach that permits acceptable judgments concerning organization and management of the process, as well as whether or not to alter process control constraints. Process constraints should never be altered for a procedure that is in proper organization, as this will consequence in despoiled process routine. Being insightful of a process, the process is characteristically mapped out and the process is controlled using control charts. Control charts are utilized to recognize disparity that may be due to special causes, and to liberate the consumer f rom apprehension over disparity due to common causes. This is a nonstop, continuing process. When a procedure is steady and does not activate any of the detection rules for a control chart, a process competence analysis may also be carried out to forecast the capability of the present procedure to manufacture compliant products in the upcoming activities surrounded by specifications. A control chart comprises of points on behalf of a statistical mean, range, and proportion of dimensions of a quality feature in illustrations (samples) opted from the procedure at dissimilar points in time. The mean of this statistic process control utilizing the entire collections of the sample is enumerated; it incorporates the mean of the means, mean of the ranges, and mean of the proportions. A middle line is placed at the numerical value of the mean of the statistical process control chart. The standard error meaning the standard deviation/sqrt(n) for the mean of the statistic is in addition preme ditated by means of the entire collections of all the samples. Upper and lower control limits, at times termed as "natural process limits", designate the threshold at which the procedure output is measured statistically improbable are drawn characteristically at 3 standard errors starting from the center line. The chart can also be additionally equipped with possible features, like upper and lower warning limits, placed as detached lines, characteristically two standard errors on top of and underneath the center line, as well as separation into zones, with the accumulation of regulations leading frequencies of interpretations in every zone in addition to it can also encompass the explanation with procedures of interest, as explicated by the Quality Engineer in command of the process's quality. Control charts put 3-sigma or 3-standard error limits on the few foundations, these foundations include the common consequence of Chebyshev's inequality that the probability of an occurring bi gger than k standard deviations as of the mean is at mainly 1/k2 for any probability distribution. The better-quality product of the Vysochanskii-Petunin inequality that the probability of a event larger than k standard deviations as of the mean is of the value maximum 4/(9k2) for any uni-modal probability distribution. The empirical examination of various probability distr